Chicago's first skyscraper in (1884-1885).
William Le Baron Jenney Built first skyscraper. It was a home insurance building stood from 1885 until its demolition in 1931. it was 42.1m tall (138ft) it was completed in one year.
in 1891, two additional floors were added, making its total height to 180 feet.
the steel frame made it easier to add extra windows to the building.
About: William Le Baron Jenney was an important influence in re shaping Chicago's skyscraper construction in the 1880s. He studded civil engineering, and served in the US Army, had an early interest in landscaping, and cooperated with Frederick Law Olmsted. After setbacks post-1871 Chicago fire, Jenney's career gained momentum in 1879 with a notable loft building design, paving the way for his significant contributions to commercial architecture, exemplified by the Home Insurance Building (1884-85). (JOHN WELLBORN -THE GREAT BUILDERS-(1889-1891) -(P.138))
Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II (Milan)
Constructed between 1865 and 1877, the Galleria named after Victor Emmanuel II, the first king of the Kingdom of Italy.
Jungbluth, S. (2021). Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II. [online]
The central octagonal space is crowned with a magnificent glass dome.
Designed by architect Giuseppe Mengoni, the Galleria is a four-story double arcade.
The iron-and-glass roof was a significant material in nineteenth-century architecture.
The Mall links two of Milan's most popular tourist attractions, the Duomo with the Teatro Alla Scala. Jungbluth, S. (2021). Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II. [online]
On the ground of the middle of the octagonal area, four tiles portray the coats of arms of the Kingdom of Italy's three largest cities (Turin, Florence, and Rome), in addition to Milan's.
The name "galleria" now refers to a number of other shopping arcades and malls across the globe. Harper, E. (2018). Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II. [online]
In Chicago they wanted to build the tallest building in the world, while Italy they wanted to make a massive shopping gallery that help them increase there income and tourism.
the use of materials in Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II they used iron, glass and steel to construct the building, on the other hand Chicago's first skyscraper also used Iron and glass but in skin of the building made with bricks, also they used Elevator Technology making it more functional for tenants.
It was constructed between 1922 and1932, it's a public library called Stockholm.
Designed by architect Gunnar Asplund. the library represents classicism before the advancement of modernism. showing the architectural rhetoric and composition of advantages in classical tradition.
The Stockholm library combines elemental forms, such as a cubic podium on top of it there is a cylindrical drum to express the building's classical roots.
Despite its classical forms and elements, The Stockholm library also reflects Asplund's transition towards the simplicity of Modernism. they continued using the phrase that Louis H. Sullivan used which he said “Form ever follows function”
It was inspired by late 18th-century French architecture, particularly the work of (Étienne-Louis Boulée and Claude Nicolas Ledoux). architecture-history.org. (n.d.). Available at: http://architecture-history.org/architects/architects/aalto/objects/1927-1929,%20Standardized%20Apartment%20Building,%20Turku,%20Finland.html.
Alvar Aalto designed this building in Turku between 1927 and 1929.
The innovative aspect of this project lies in the use of Tapani slabs, which were hollow concrete elements developed by industrialist Juho Tapani. These slabs already included space for various pipes and infrastructure, making them efficient for construction.
The building incorporated both shops at street level and apartments on the upper floors.
The five-story Standard Apartment House features a smooth rendered finish on its facades.
It was the first Functionalist residential building in Finland where Aalto implemented new international social ideas for minimal dwelling.
similarity between Standardized apartment, and The Stockholms public library that both shares almost same year of construction, also the same Art movement which called Nordic Classicism, and Cubism. I think they have two type of Art movement.
Aronoff Center for design and art, university of Cincinnati, 1988-1996p.187 Rafael money theoretical anxiety and design strategies.
Rafael money (1988-1996) p.187 theoretical anxiety and design strategies.
it was constructed between1988 to1996, reflects Peter Eisenman's strategy of transforming existing buildings through a flexible geometry. it's part of University of Cincinnati's college of design, architecture, art, and planning (DAAP).
it has a center and its 128,000 square feet of exhibition, library, theater, studio, and office space.
Eisenman’s aimed to design an optimize interdisciplinary exchange and alleviate extreme overcrowding that administrators, faculty, and students had previously experienced. Rafael money (1988-1996) p.187
The aluminum paneling used in the recent coating retains the pastel-colored look of the original design while providing a modern touch. Aronoff Center rejected old designing and trayed to create its own movement by featuring a striking and unconventional design.
the use of colouring in the exterior like soft blue, pink, grey, and green, along with its unique form, disrupts the physical sense of normalcy. Artstor (n.d.). Aronoff Center for Design and Art. [online]
The Wexner Center for the Arts
constructed in November 17, 1989. designed by Peter Eisenman in association with Richard Trott. also Richard Trott associated with them. Also, Laurie Olin a landscape architect contributed with the design.
Brick Arch: The southern façade features a prominent brick arch, referencing the old Armory building that once stood on the site.
White Scaffold-Like Spine: The distinctive white scaffold-like structure along the east facade symbolizes continual evolution, akin to contemporary art itself.
Fragmented Form: The building’s fragmented form challenges conventions and engages visitors.
it has many purposes serves as a multidisciplinary, international laboratory for people who want to explore and advance in contemporary art.
It is not an art museum; it acts as a forum where established and emerging artist can explore their ideas.
when it was constructed, it assumed possession of the University Gallery’s permanent collection of approximately 3,000 art works. and the center does not collect Art.
The collection plays a secondary role in the center’s programs related to visual, media, and performing arts. wexarts.org. (n.d.). Architecture | Wexner Center for the Arts. [online]
they share a similar way construction. Almost same purpose of use one of them for Art and the other is a university that teaching Art. the use of colouring is different.
. Rafael money (1988-1996) p.187 theoretical anxiety and design strategies.
Wikipedia (2001). Home Insurance Building. [online] www.architecture.org. Available at: https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/buildings-of-chicago/building/home-insurance-building/#:~:text=In%20architectural%20history%2C%20one%20structure [Accessed 24 Feb. 2024].
cotswold (2022). The Home Insurance Building: The World’s First Skyscraper – Cotswold-Homes. [online] cotswold. Available at: https://www.cotswold-homes.com/the-home-insurance-building-the-worlds-first-skyscraper/ [Accessed 24 Feb. 2024].
History.com Editors (2018).Home Insurance Building. [online] HISTORY. Available at: https://www.history.com/topics/landmarks/home-insurance-building.
Harper, E. (2018). Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II. [online] Time Out Milan. Available at: https://www.timeout.com/milan/shopping/galleria-vittorio-emanuele-ii [Accessed 24 Feb. 2024].
Jungbluth, S. (2021).Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II. [online] FromPlaceToPlace.travel. Available at: https://fromplacetoplace.travel/italy/milan/galleria-vittorio-emanuele/ [Accessed 24 Feb. 2024].
Wikipedia (2001). Home Insurance Building. [online] www.architecture.org. Available at: https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/buildings-of-chicago/building/home-insurance-building/#:~:text=In%20architectural%20history%2C%20one%20structure [Accessed 24 Feb. 2024].
cotswold (2022). The Home Insurance Building: The World’s First Skyscraper – Cotswold-Homes. [online] cotswold. Available at: https://www.cotswold-homes.com/the-home-insurance-building-the-worlds-first-skyscraper/ [Accessed 24 Feb. 2024].
History.com Editors (2018).Home Insurance Building. [online] HISTORY. Available at: https://www.history.com/topics/landmarks/home-insurance-building.
EISENMAN ARCHITECTS (1980). Aronoff Center for Design and Art.1996 — EISENMAN ARCHITECTS. [online] eisenmanarchitects.com. Available at: https://eisenmanarchitects.com/Aronoff-Center-for-Design-and-Art-1996 [Accessed 25 Aug. 2021].
library.artstor.org. Available at: https://library.artstor.org/public/31709979b [Accessed 25 Feb. 2024]
wexarts.org. (n.d.). Architecture | Wexner Center for the Arts. [online] Available at: https://wexarts.org/architecture . WikiArquitectura. (n.d.). Wexner Center for the Arts - Data, Photos & Plans. [online] Available at: https://en.wikiarquitectura.com/building/wexner-center-for-the-arts/.
describe what are the differences about primary and secondary.
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